Anchors and Body Support and Connectors, Oh My!

Some of the non-conductive, static-reducing elements of arc-flash rated harnesses may be beneficial in confined space environments where dangerous gases can be present. Aside from this consideration, the most important factor for full-body harnesses in confined spaces is a D-ring on each shoulder. This keeps the worker on a straight plane as he or she is being lowered or raised through the opening. If only the back D-ring is used, the worker would be oriented diagonally, which can make entry and retrieval operations challenging.

Finally, don't forget that size is an important factor. A harness that is too small will be uncomfortable, discouraging compliance. A harness that is too big might not function properly, which could injure the worker. Look at the manufacturer's sizing chart to determine what size harness each worker should wear based on height and weight.

CONNECTOR

The connector usually is selected based on the anchorage connector and by analyzing how much mobility will be needed on the job site. There are two types of connectors that are used in multiple scenarios within the construction and utilities industry: shock-absorbing lanyards and self-retracting lifelines (SRL).

An SRL is a flexible lifeline attached to a mechanism that allows it to extend and retract under slight tension when the user moves away from and toward the device. SRLs typically are used when more mobility is needed. The lifeline can be made of cable, webbing or synthetic rope. Cable should be used for rugged applications or in situations where the line could contact sharp objects or edges. Webbing or synthetic rope provides a more lightweight, compact piece of equipment that can be used in many utility applications to reduce conductivity. Stainless steel offers the ultimate in corrosion resistance, reliability and longevity. The length of the lifeline varies, so look for an SRL that is long enough for the application.

Shock-absorbing lanyards include an integral shock absorber to dissipate the energy produced in a fall, limiting the forces exerted on the worker. Lanyards provide less mobility than SRLs; the length of a standard lanyard is 6 feet. Shock-absorbing stretch lanyards offer an expansion/contraction feature to avoid trips and snags; double-leg lanyards provide 100 percent fall protection while moving from one location to another; some lanyards are designed for tying off at foot level; and a tie-back lanyard wraps around a structural member and connects back onto itself, serving as both anchorage connector and connector. Lanyards often are made of webbing, but vinyl-covered cable for extra durability also is available.

Within the construction and utilities industries, the same considerations described for full-body harnesses used in welding/hot work and potential arc-flash exposure situations apply to lanyards. The material specifically should be designed for these environments and meet all appropriate standards.

Additional connectors include wall-form assemblies and chain-rebar assemblies used to connect the side D-rings on the full-body harness directly to wedge bolt slots, holes on wall forms or rebar. On a ladder-climbing system, a sleeve connects the vertical lifeline to the front D-ring on the harness.

For confined spaces, the connector typically is a winch or SRL attached to the tripod or hoist system. Winches have different style lifelines — stainless steel or galvanized — that come in different lengths, so make sure the lifeline is appropriate for the application. Winches also offer different descent speeds and other features such as a foldaway crank and revolution counter. When using a winch or SRL in raising and lowering operations, a Y-lanyard can be beneficial. This piece of equipment connects to the D-ring on each shoulder, and the two legs meet with a D-ring at the other end to connect to the winch or SRL.

DESCENT/RESCUE

For all industries, the preferred method of rescue is self-rescue, whereby the worker pulls himself back to the level from which he fell or another safe location. If this is not possible, rescue can be completed by using equipment already on the job site, such as a lift, bucket truck or ladder. No additional equipment is needed to rescue a worker who is connected to a winch or SRL with retrieval capabilities. As a last resort, pre-engineered rescue systems can be used to get the worker safely to the ground. When selecting a rescue system, look for equipment that is versatile, portable and above all, easy to use. Keep in mind the height at which work will be performed to ensure the system is capable of high-angle rescue.

In situations where response time may be slow, ensure suspension trauma straps are connected to the worker's harness. This will allow the worker to relieve pressure from the leg straps of the harness while he awaits rescue.

A recent innovation is a self-retracting lifeline with integral rescue capabilities. Prior to work, the SRL can be set to fall arrest or rescue/descent mode. In the event of a fall while in fall-arrest mode, the SRL operates like a standard SRL. If a fall occurs while in the rescue/descent mode, the SRL arrests the fall and then automatically lowers the worker safely to the ground or next level. Accessories such as rescue ladders and SRL rescue devices also are worth checking out if rescue will be a challenge at the jobsite.

All the equipment in the world won't make a difference unless workers thoroughly are trained in how to use it, and understand the consequences of not using it. It particularly is important to train and regularly refresh teams on the use of rescue equipment and procedures as the equipment is not used on a regular basis.

Fall protection equipment, with all the varieties and special features available, is not an easy thing to specify. There are many tasks that fall outside the realm of traditional construction, utility and confined space applications where equipment selection is even more difficult. The best advice in these situations is don't guess! Most equipment manufacturers are willing to consult on a special situation, as are distributors and consultants. When it comes to the lives of your employees, a safe, application-appropriate fall protection system is critical.

---

Craig Firl is North American technical manager with Capital Safety, a leading designer and manufacturer of fall protection and rescue products. For more information, visit http://www.capitalsafety.com or call 800-328-6146.