Your long-awaited vacation is finally here! You pack up the car, chart the most direct route from point A (home) to point B (hot vacation spot), bring snacks to avoid unnecessary travel breaks and set off for a week of fun. Obviously, you want the ride there to be as fast and efficient as possible. So, you take it a step further by driving 20 miles above the speed limit, weaving in and out of traffic and traveling through the night without any rest breaks. In all the rush, you forget to wear your seatbelt. It sounds crazy, but this is exactly what happens when companies apply Lean Manufacturing strategies without considering safety.
What is Lean?
Lean Manufacturing evolved from Toyota's post-WWII efforts to close the productivity gap with American automakers. They refined earlier Just-in-Time manufacturing systems to increase productivity and quality and focused their efforts on cutting waste at all levels. In 1990, a group of MIT academics, reporting on Toyota's successes, coined the term "Lean Manufacturing." Embraced immediately by other manufacturers, Lean Manufacturing became the catch-all phrase for a variety of new strategies aimed at "cutting the fat" out of production processes. Three widely used Lean Manufacturing approaches include:
- Kaizen - a series of highly focused events dedicated to cutting the waste out of production operations.
- Six Sigma - a process change methodology based on defining and measuring the problem, then analyzing, improving and controlling it.
- 5-S - the five S's are Japanese terms, loosely translated as Sort, Set-in-order, Shine, Standardize and Sustain. Once unnecessary mess and clutter are reduced, tools, parts and inventory are then organized for maximum efficiency.
Used separately or in combination, the strategies empower companies to continuously identify and reduce the seven "deadly" forms of waste: overproduction, waiting, transportation, processing, inventory, motion and defective units.
You're Lean, but are You Safer?
Unfortunately, "Lean" doesn't necessarily mean safer even though the two should go hand in hand. After all, a poorly designed task that requires a worker to reach excessively is not only inefficient, requiring more time and motion than needed, but is also likely to cause injury. Similarly, a worker lifting materials beyond his or her strength capabilities takes more time and energy to perform the task and runs the risk of overexertion.
On another level, the lost time and productivity following a workplace injury are indicative of the waste that Lean strategies aim to avoid. When an injury occurs, production halts. Managers spend valuable time on administrative tasks, such as locating replacement workers. Line workers are also distracted and perform less efficiently. Remedying these problems can take a few hours or a few weeks, and the bottom-line impact from direct and indirect costs is significant.
In the worst-case scenario, an overzealous company may implement extreme Lean Manufacturing strategies where safety is not merely overlooked, but compromised. Like the example of the eager vacationer, process shortcuts and streamlining can end up sabotaging the ultimate goal when high risks lead to accidents. In the end, increasing efficiency without incorporating safety will cost you far more than it saves.
Make Lean and Safety Work Together
So, what can you, the safety professional, do to ensure that safety and Lean are properly integrated at your company?
Step 1: Get involved.
Too often, managers perceive Lean events as only production-oriented. You may be inclined or even advised to stay out of the continuous improvement process. But it's your job to take the initiative and become part of the process. To do this, you need to familiarize yourself with your company's Lean methodologies and learn the lingo. If you can speak the language and explain the value of safety interventions in productivity terms, management will listen. Better safety means less waste. Let that become your mantra.
Step 2: Identify Links Between Unsafe Practices and Waste
All Lean philosophies have their roots in reducing or eliminating one of the seven "deadly" forms of waste making it easy to incorporate safety. Look at your operations, and identify the safety issues that need attention in each of these areas.
- Overproduction: Excess production indicates that workers may be working faster than necessary, which can increase the risk of a repetitive strain injury. A well-paced line reduces this risk and decreases the likelihood of another "deadly" form of waste (below).
- Inventory or Work in Process (WIP): Excess material between operations due to large lot production or processes with long cycle times impedes movement. It also increases the risk of trip hazards, distractions, blind spots for pedestrians and fork lifts and manual handling injuries.
- Transportation: Excessive product movement increases exposure to materials handling and industrial truck injuries.
- Processing waste: Inefficient work flow and extra processing steps such as avoidable reaching, twisting and materials handling tasks increase overexertion risk.
- Motion: Unnecessary motions, such as reaching over the head for a tool instead of having it within normal reaching distance, are both wasteful and hazardous.
- Waiting: Delays and time wasted because of a poorly designed materials flow system can impact employee motivation. Waiting can also increase the risk of falls and overexertion, as workers rush to catch up with materials design tasks that do not overload or underload employees physically or mentally.
- Making defective products: Defect prevention requires less work and involves fewer injury exposures than defect discovery and repair. High levels of defects may also signal poor housekeeping and/or lighting which may create other safety issues such as distraction and eye strain.
Step 3: Incorporate Expert Ergonomics Analyses into Your Company's Lean Processes
Productivity and profit rises, while injury and waste plummet when you integrate ergonomic analyses and design principles into your Lean Manufacturing. Here's how to sell it:
- Conduct loss source analyses to see where the accidents are happening. Communicate the problem areas to management and relate the problem to production and efficiency, rather than OSHA requirements.
- Describe the problem using visuals in a way that will get their attention.
- Analyze the production process from an ergonomics perspective to find the root cause of the injuries.
- Apply ergonomic design principles to reduce or eliminate the sources of injury.
Step 4: Ask Questions
When all else fails, asking questions the right way may be the best way for safety directors to get management's attention. Instead of focusing squarely on the safety issue, incorporate Lean concepts and terminology into your questions. Some basic questions to help your safety recommendations get the management attention they deserve:
- Is there repetitive bending/reaching that is making your process less efficient?
- Is poor housekeeping or excessive material leading to slip and fall injuries?
- Are there machine-guarding initiatives you would like to address as part of your Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) process?
- Are there mechanical issues that compromise safety and create bottlenecks in the production line?
A 6S Success Story
One company learned the hard way that Lean without safety doesn't work. Here is how they finally reduced waste by integrating ergonomics.
An outdoor power equipment manufacturer, which strongly adhered to Lean Manufacturing with the 5S and Kaizen methods, still experienced a high number of ergonomic-related injuries.
The reason: They failed to incorporate safety into the continuous improvement process.
The cost: $300,000 in medical payments and wages over a 24-month period on just one line.
With help from their insurer, the company identified the problem and integrated safety into their Lean system. A loss source analysis identified where the injuries were happening and created a visual management piece (commonly used in Lean processes) to illustrate the findings.
The problem turned out to be excessive reaching on a single speed transmission assembly line, which was causing a high number of shoulder injuries.
The injuries comprised more than half the company's total injury frequency and loss dollars. The company performed an ergonomic analysis to determine what percentage of the employees could perform the task without overexertion and found that only a very small percentage of women could do so. Workstation adjustment made a significant difference since more than half of the workers on the line were female.
By speaking the language of productivity and waste reduction, the company's safety director presented these findings as part of the fact-finding session of the Kaizen event. Then, together with the continuous process improvement group, the safety director identified other simple and effective ergonomic solutions to eliminate hazards and reduce waste. These solutions included the addition of more than 20 lift devices to reduce overexertion from materials handling (processing waste), and adjusting workstation and conveyer system height to optimal work heights to reduce excessive reaching (unnecessary motion). The rest of the week-long Kaizen event was spent implementing the changes.
In the 8 months since the ergonomic changes were implemented, the company has had no shoulder injuries on the line. Based on this success, they expanded their 5S Lean approach to include a 6th "S" for safety. The new 6S system includes a single event in the continuous improvement process dedicated to safety.
The net result: quality improvements, productivity gains, better safety awareness, and a safer workplace.
Kevin Newman is a loss prevention consultant for Liberty Mutual's Business Market unit. Theodore Braun is a Technical Director for Liberty Mutual. For more information, e-mail Kate Principe at [email protected].